Let's say that we are measuring time, distance or length, weight, speed ...
Let x be the real value of the measured value (the original position of the ball on the board).
The result x' is a combination of many different, minute parts. Those are really small, and also independent of each other, which means that if the ball fell right, in the next step it might fall right or left just as well.
Obserwe the movent of the ball on board and finded relations between the this and the real process of measurement.
You may answer our questions.
After that you should proceed with a serie of measurements or a quantitive analysis.
Let's make a serie of N measurements.
For each measurement, we can find:
We can now observe how those variables change are related with the number of measurements.
Than we can change the probablility pl, of the ball falling right.
We can observe the changes in the distibutions, and then answer the questions.
The precise qualitive description of the measurement can be found
in the section describing One to one measuremnt,
or a more general quantitive analysis can be made.